Get the lead out!
"Hence gout and stone
afflict the human race;Hence lazy jaundice with
her saffron face;Palsy, with shaking head
and tottering knees.And bloated dropsy, the
staunch sot's disease;Consumption, pale, with
keen but hollow eye,And sharpened feature,
showed that death was nigh.The feeble offspring curse
their crazy sires,And, tainted from his
birth, the youth expires."
Description of lead
poisoning by an anonymous Roman hermit, translated by Humelbergius Secundus,
1829
The Leaded History
Oh lead. What is it? Lead
is a soft and malleable blue grey metal that has been mined for millennia for
it's use in everything from paint and pottery to makeup and plumbing. In fact,
the very word "plumbing" comes from the Latin word for lead, "plumbum."
For a long time in the modern era it was added to gasoline to help minimize
engines knocking. The ancients regarded lead as the father of all metals. The
god associated with lead was Saturn (who was no angel and was known to devour
his own young). In fact, the word "saturnine" applies to a person who
has become gloomy, cynical, and socially withdrawn, all of which are associated
with lead poisoning. The Romans lived in a lead heyday and used it extensively
in food and industry despite being aware that it could cause serious health
effects. They figured that small amounts could only cause small harm. What they
didn't know was that lead is not processed through the body, but rather builds
up in tissues, especially bones, and even a small amount on an ongoing basis
can lead to toxicity.
Lead in America dates back
to the earliest colonial times. The first lead mine and forge was set up in
Virginia in 1621 and by the twentieth century the US was the leading producer
of lead in the world. By 1980 the US was consuming 1.3 million tons of lead per
year which was roughly 40% of worldwide supply and which amounted to 5,221
grams of lead per person in America at the time. For comparison, despite the
Roman's love of lead they were only at 550 grams per person per year. The primary form in which Americans were
consuming lead had to do with our ongoing love of automotive travel. Starting
in 1923 (with a brief interruption in 1925) Americans began their love affair
with tetraethyl lead, informally known as "ethyl." GM, the developers
of this anti-knock formula, soon began touting ethyl as the best thing since
sliced bread. This quickly turned to controversy as one of the original
engineers fell ill, followed soon after by the death of 15 workers in a tetraethyl lead
manufacturing plant. Journalists at the time began calling it "looney
gas" and the Surgeon General of the US put a temporary ban on leaded
gasoline in 1925 for full investigation into the health effects. Despite 7
months of investigation, industry trumped and the final conclusion of the
report was that there were "no good grounds for prohibiting the use of
ethyl gasoline…as a motor fuelle,
provided that its distribution and use are controlled by proper
regulations." Oddly enough, even after this proclamation no mandatory
regulations of any real significance were put in place for lead sales and
manufacturing until 1975 when the EPA began it's slow phase out of the chemical
additive. In only the first 7 years of this regulation, lead levels in the air
dropped a whopping 64%. Although lead is still added in small amounts to some
gasoline (the "leaded" vs "unleaded") the amount is
miniscule compared to years past.
Where is it found?
Besides the automotive
industry discussed in depth above, lead can be found in a variety of places.
One of the lingering and most problematic routes of exposure is paint. Prior to
1978 lead was widely used in paint. While much of this paint has long since
been painted over, anywhere where there's a hole in the wall or chipping paint can provide access. With kids being the little "put everything in my
mouth" monsters that they are, the old question of "did you eat paint
chips as a kid?" becomes more understandable and relevant. Additionally,
when those sweet little munchkins are crawling around they are more vulnerable
to airborne heavy metals in dust particles that tend to settle lower down. Some
other potential sources of lead include: some cosmetics, miniblinds, artistic
painting, stained glass, pottery glazing, soldering, bullets, fishing sinkers,
lead in water from old pipes, brass faucets, computers, pewter, jewelry, auto
batteries, imported or older pre-regulation products, and soil along roadways
(from leaded gasoline). Work exposure is also an issue. Some high risk
occupations include lead smelting and mining, construction/remodeling, auto
repair, anyone who works with firearms, and plumbers.
Testing:
The best test for lead is a
blood assessment. Many regions offer free or discounted blood lead level
testing for kids and pregnant/lactating women. The CDC defines a "level of
concern" in children as anything over 5 mcg/dl (a recent lowering from 10
mcg/dl). The CDC recommends testing children at age 1-2 years and then
continuing with annual testing until age 6 for kids at higher risk of lead
contamination.
Health Effects
Since this is a mama blog I
will be focusing on the effects of lead on kiddos. Kids absorb lead 3x more
than adults and as such, they show signs of lead more quickly. They also are
rapidly developing and as lead can have a significant effect on development of
tissues it is even more critical in this population. The CDC estimates that 4
million households in the US that have children in them have high levels of
lead and that of those, 1.5 million children have blood lead levels above 5
mcg/dL, which is the level at which the CDC recommends action.
Lead can affect every
system in the body, but it's actions often come on subtly and can easily go
unrecognized. Lead's effect on the developing brain and nervous system is the
largest concern as neurologic effects have been documented below 10mcg/dL. Low
exposure effects that have been documented include lowered IQ, decreased verbal
ability, attention deficit, constipation, abdominal pain, low energy, headache,
and hearing and speech impairment. High level effects include irritability,
severe abdominal pain, kidney damage, swelling in the brain, tremor, vomiting,
seizures, coma, and death. These are not things we want any of our kids going
through! eEspecially
if it is a preventable issue!. How
many of those low level symptoms do kids exhibit who get diagnosed with
learning disorders or ADHD? What if there is a real and treatable reason why
they are behaving that way?
Lead can also cross the
placenta and can affect viability of the developing fetus. Lead also affects
the endocrine (hormone) system and chronic exposure may affect thyroid function
and vitamin D levels. Lead also increases the risk of developing high blood
pressure and can lead to anemia. With significant exposure there is also the
concept of a "lead line" which can sometimes be seen as a blue line
along the gums in the mouth or as a bright white line at the ends of bones on
an X-ray, demonstrating how the body stores away lead in the bones of
developing children.
What can be done?
The number one way to avoid
lead poisoning is education. Parents (or parents-to-be) living in older homes
need to be educated about all the ways that lead exposure can happen and
conduct testing to minimize it's effects. Washing kid's hands and toys
regularly with soap and water can help to reduce dust containing lead from
reaching their mouths. Assume that any old paint may have lead in it. Test your
water to find out if lead is an issue and consider a filter which can remove
heavy metals. Eating a diet high in iron and calcium (yay for leafy greens!)
can help to displace lead. If a child does test positive for lead, there are
treatment options available through qualified physicians to help remove the
lead from the body, but prevention (as in most cases) is far better than the
treatment. Here are a few specific ideas to help minimize exposure:
Water: The hard thing about exposure in water is that, converse to some other
water contaminants, boiling the water can actually concentrate the lead more.
What is typically recommended is running COLD water for a few minutes to flush
out standing water in old pipes. Many regions offer free or low cost lead water
testing. In Portland, Oregon there are multiple resources including free water
testing and free blood testing for kids and pregnant/lactating women. Take
advantage of resources! Knowledge is power to change your risks. There are also
a multitude of water filters out there thatn
can filter out heavy metals for drinking and cooking water.
Paint: If you, like me,
live in an older house this is particularly concerning. Since lead was only an
issue in paint made before 1978, newer homes are less risky. In my house, the
old paint has been long painted over but… what happens when I hang a nail or
when a misguided toy takes a chunk out of the wall? Painting over any holes is
the easiest prevention, but should you remodel an older home it is well worth
getting a professional to do the paint stripping or at least giving you a
consult on how to minimize exposure. My home also has a rock border around the
old flower garden with whitewashed rocks. Since they look ancient I can only
assume that they were painted with leaded paint and we try to avoid allowing
our munchkin to play in the soil near these rocks.
Workplace: Bless OSHA
(Occupational Safety and Health Administration). These are the wonderful people
(who often get written off for intrusive busybodies) who try to make work a
safe environment for all. All businesses should
have an health and safety officer who
conducts regular OSHA trainings to help minimize risks, but if this isn't happening and toxic exposure is a concern,
any worker can contact OSHA directly to request resources or to file an
anonymous or urgent complaint. The contact form can be found here: https://www.osha.gov/html/Feed_Back.html No one deserves to have their health put in jeopardy for a job, but
reality dictates that many people are unknowingly exposed for the sake of a
buck. OSHA can be the third party who steps in and steps up for the working men
and women who deserve good health.
For additional resources,
talk with your physician or local county health department as this is a
nationwide movement to get the lead out! Lets protect our kids from this toxic
metal and improve all our health.
References:
1. Heavy Metal Notes from
Environmental Medicine Class, Fall, 2014
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